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* * * 1. It is well known that the quick development of electronics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal caus- Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 28 e  s of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and raggedness, the transistor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment. 2. As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the transistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power. In conclusion it is important to note that transistors revolutionized many fields of technology. They are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy by means of thermal elements. They are also used to convert radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells or solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are built on the basis of transistors. They find wide application in computers, automatic devices, aviation, communication, etc. Notes Filament power loss — отсутствие энергии на нити накала TESTS 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Transistors have many over vacuum tubes. a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales 2. They very little power. a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace 3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected together by some circuit technique. a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation 29 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics 4  . The transistor consists of a small piece of a withthree electrods. a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor. 5. Modern began in the early 20th century with the invention of electronic tubes. a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics 6. John Fleming was the of the first two-electrode vacuum tube. a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor 7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power , in comparison with vacuum tubes. a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission. 8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual a  ) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions2. Раскройте скобки и выберите глагол в требуемом залоге: действительном или страдательном. 1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of descrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately. Unit3 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1 calculating device [ksllcjiK'leitin di'vais] — вычислительное устройство multiple ['nultiplj — кратный abacus ['aebakss] — счеты slide rule ['slaid 'nil] — логарифмическая линейка logarithm table ['Ьдэпбт 'teibl] — логарифмическая таблица calculus pkaelkjidas] — исчисление; математический анализ general-purpose ['4зепэгэ1 'p3:pas] — общего назначения, универсальный to cut out the human being altogether — полностью исключить человека to manipulate [ms'nipjuleit] — обрабатывать, преобразовывать; управлять data processing ['deits pre'sesin] — обработка данных (информации) tabulate the census — занести данные по переписи (населения) в таблицу means of coding ['mi:nz sv 'koudin] — средства кодирования (шифровки) to punch the holes ['pAntf 5э 'houlz] — пробивать отверстия punched card ['рлШ(1 'kaid] — перфокарта to perform [рэТэ:т] — выполнять, производить (действие); осуществлять; unit of data ['jitnit sv 'deita] — единица информации keyboard terminals — терминал (вывод) с клавишным управлением 31 Unit 3. History of Computers p roliferation [pr3,hf3'reijh] — размножение, быстрое увеличение2. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких первых вычислительных приборах рассказывается в нем. Text У. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and I8lh centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rale works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to • produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers. By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others — to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census  Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 32 Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company. Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data. In the mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that . time advances in science have led to the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the nature. 3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the main idea of . Ch.Babbage's machine? 8. How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of 33 Unit 3. History of Computers c oding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those electromechanical machines called and why? 11. What kind of computers appeared later? 12. What new had the computers of 1970s?4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механический способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результате; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключением); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирования информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данными на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информацию блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисления; для научных целей; клавишный терминал 5. Вспомните значение следующих глаголов и подберите к ним производные. Например: to calculate — calculating, calculator, calculation. To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to multiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate. 6. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие: А. Причастие I— Participle I Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vacuum tube controlling and amplifying -electronic signals; computers performing computations in milliseconds; electronic . pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the information by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 34 Б . Причастие II— Participle IIThe given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the machine provided with the necessary facts. 7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2. analog computer [э'па?1эд kam'pjuta] — аналоговый компьютер digital computer [fdid3rt3l kam'pjata] — цифровой компьютер to aim guns ['eim 'длпг] — наводить орудия на цель to figure out ['пдэг aut] — вычислять at a fast rate [at э 'fa:st 'reit] — с высокой скоростью memory / storage ['тетэп /'stond3] — запоминающее устройство to store data and instructions — запоминать информацию и команды stored program computer — компьютер с занесенной в память программой binary code ['Ьатэп 'koud] — двоичный код condition [kan'difn] — режим, состояние, условие vacuum tube ['vsekjuam tju:b] — электронная (вакуумная) трубка (лампа) to amplify ['asmphfai] — усиливать to perform computations [рэТэ:т ksmpju'teijh] — выполнять вычисления 8, Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, что вы узнали о первых циф ровых и аналоговых компьютерах. Переведите текст. Text 2. THE FIRST COMPUTERS In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in Wbrld W&r II to help aim guns. 35 Unit 3. History of Computers M any technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate.In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. Wfe refer to these combinations as codes. Neumann's stored program computer as well as other machines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform computations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices. 9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. When was the first analog computer built? 2. Where and how was that computer used? 3. When did the first digital computers appear? 4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer? 5. What could that device do? 6. What is ENIAC? Decode the word. 7. What was J.Neumann's contribution into the development of computers? 8. What were the advantages of EDVAC in comparison with ENIAC? 9, What does binary coda Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 36 m ean? 10. Due to what invention could the first digital computers be built?10. Найдите в тексте 2 английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний. Цифровые компьютеры; технические усовершенствования; совершенствование компьютеров; ответственный за изобретение; математические задачи; электронные трубки; важное достижение; запоминающее устройство; значительный вклад; двоичный код; высокое напряжение; низкое напряжение; электрические импульсы; тысячная доля секунды. Происходить; завершать; вычислять; хранить команды внутри компьютера; запоминать информацию; запоминать команды; содействовать; использовать единицу и ноль; упрощать дизайн; усиливать сигналы; выполнять вычисления. 11. Составьте пары близких по значению слов из перечня, представленного ниже. Verbs: to name, to complete, to calculate, to develop, to keep, to interprete, to communicate, to fulfill, to apply, to translate, to improve, to build, to call, to store, to communicate, to figure out, to perform, to use, to finish, to construct, to connect. Nouns: speed, aim, storage, information, machine, significance, computation, data, device, rate, calculation, purpose, memory, importance. 12. Заполните пропуски необходимыми словами. 1. The first digital computer could f< yV' a lot of mathematical problems at a fast Г'-'■2. Vannevar Bush built the firsts/'-7 '-; computer in 1930. 3. Babbage's analytical engine was designed to c'' ^data. 4. J.von Neumann invented a machine that was able to.' not only data but also . _______
invention of made computers possible to control and electronic signals. 8. Due to comput ers could perform much faster. 37 Unit 3. History of Computers 1 3. Переведите предложения или словосочетания, содержащие: А. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства 1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second. 2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used. 3. They were applied to reduce computational time. 4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. 5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. 6. Analytical engine was invented to store data. Б. Инфинитив в функции определения The problem to be solved; the work to be finished; the cards to be punched; calculations to be performed; the machine to be shown at the exhibition; the device to be provided with the necessary facts; computers to be used for data processing; efforts to increase reliability; electronics to connect systems and subsystems; the speed of response to depend on the size of transistor; computers to perform thousands of calculations per second; vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals; these are circuits to use a large number of transistors; operations to be performed. 14. Выполните письменно перевод текста 3 по вариантам. ТезЛЗ. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS 1. Babbage's Analytical Engine In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides. Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator. The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made at- Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 38 t empts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream.2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944) In 1944 in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aik-en. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery. The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are electromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power. 3. The ABC (1939-1942) The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on. The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr.John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuum-tube digital computers developed. 39 Unit 3. History of Computers S oon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.
Text 4, FOUR GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS The first vacuum tubes computers are referred to as first generation computers, and the approximate period of their use was from 1950 to 1959. UNIVAC 1 (UNF&rsal Automatic Computer) is an example of these computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. Those devices were not only bulky, they were also unreliable. The thousands of vacuum tubes emitted large amounts of heat and burned out frequently. The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1948. So-called second generation computers, which used large numbers of transistors were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds, or millionths of seconds. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more reliable than first-generation computers. Advances in electronics technology continued, and microelectronics made it possible to reduce the size of transistors and integrate large numbers of circuit elements into very small chips of silicon. The computers that were designed to use integrated circuit technology were called third generation computers, and the approximate time span of these machines was from 1960 to 1979. They could perform many data processing operations in nanoseconds, which are billionths of seconds. Fourth generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 100 tiny circuits are placed now on a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 40 i mprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal.TESTS 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово. 1. British scientists invented a way of multiplying and dividing. a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical 2. A new branch of mathematics, , was invented in England and Germany independently. a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus 3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding by punched cards. a) letters; b) data; c) numbers 4. Soon punched cards were replaced by terminals. a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard 5. Mark I was the first computer that could solve mathematical problems. a) analog; 1?) digital; c) mechanical 6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing in formation in a code. a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary 7. Vacuum tubes could control and electric signals. a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate 8. The first generation computers were and often burned out. a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable 9. Computers of the second generation used which reduced computational time greatly. a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes 10. Due to the development of the fourth generation computers became possible. a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization 41 Unit 3. History of Computers 2 . Выберите правильный перевод предложений, содержащих неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund,  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |