9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware?
10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа; системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное запоминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение.
11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Architecture: communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture.
Software: system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software.
63 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
Hardware: computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware; video hardware.
Procedure: accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure.
Protection: computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection; error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection.
12. Озаглавьте каждый компонент текста и составьте небольшой реферат к нему (по вариантам).
STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS
1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A tran sistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transis tors are less expensive and more reliable.They were mechani cally rugged, had practically unlimited life and could do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crys- tallic solid material called semiconductor.
With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed.
2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors. Integrated circuit
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 64
technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the switch, or "flip-flop', which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology.
3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard handheld computer. But the Altair led to a revolution in computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper.
Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. A wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.
13. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод упр. 12.
TESTS
1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово
1. Computers and their equipment are designed by
a computer system architect.
a) engineering;^)! accessory: c) specific
2. Digital computers use numbers instead of analogous phys-
ical .
a) symbols; b) equipment; c) quantities
3. Systems are usualy stored in read-only memory.
a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware
65 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
4. A computer is a machine with a complex network of elec-
tronic that operate switches.
a) circuits; b) cores; c) characters
5. In modern electronic computers the is the device
that acts as a switch.
a) integrated circuit; b) diode; c) transistor
6. A number of actions that convert data into useful infor-
mation is defined as .
a) data; b) processing; c) data processing
7. Computers can store, organize and retrieve great amounts
of information, far beyond the of humans.
a) capacities; b) capabilities; c) accuracy
8. The analyst a computer for solving problems,
while the computer system architect computers.
a) requires; b) designs; c) uses
9. The use of computers will continue to increase
with the growth in applications of microprocessors and minicomputers.
a) analog; b) digital; c) hybrid
10. The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of .
a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors
2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.
1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected
circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite function
2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions en-
abling the computer to solve a given task
3. Digital computer c) a tiny piece of silicon containing
1 complex electronic circuits used
inside all computers
4. Hardware d) a system which processes and
stores great amount of data solving problems of numerical computation
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 66
5. Software e) a device which can carry out rou-
tine mental tasks by performing simple operations at high speed
6. Program f) electronic and mechanical equip-
ment in a computer system
7. Programming g) a set of programs, procedures and
associated documentation
8. Integrated circuit h) the process of preparation a set of
coded instructions for a computer
9. Chip i) a device that has input and output
represented in the form of physical quantities
10. Transistor j) a small piece of a semiconductor
that greatly reduced power consumption of a circuit
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя:
Л. Правильную неличную форму глагола
1. Computing is a concept (embraced;embracing; for embracing) not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input; by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switches on and off. 3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of communicating; communicated) with the user. 4. Computers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to give) to it by users. 5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948 completely changed the vacuum tubes.
Б. Глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге
1. Computers (applied; are applied; are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. 2. The programs (write; have written; are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 3. As digital computers (count; counted; are counted) quickly, they widely (use; used; are used) in business data processing. 4. Once data (entered; have entered; have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced; is reduced; are reduced). 5. It is known that an analyst (use; uses; is used) a computer to solve specific problems.
67 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
4. Прочтите текст и выберите правильные ответы на поставленные ниже вопросы к тексту.
FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA
As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribution into the development of computers. Russian mathematician P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A.Krylov constructed a mechanical integrator for solving differential equations.
The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S.Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was followed by BESM, a large-size electronic computing machine, with 8000 operations per second.
Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. That year U.Basilevsky headed the design and manufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of Ы-.20, computers of the first generation under the guidance of S.Lebedev. The first generation of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic elements.
Starting with 1964 semiconductor computers —
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 68
URAL, BESM-4 and M-220 were produced. Under Academician Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics.
In the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed performance and program compatibility (совместимость).
1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of calculating in Russia?
a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator
When was the first Soviet computer put into operation? a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952
Who headed the serial production of computers in the USSR?
a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky
4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first
generation computers?
a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) М-20
5. When did the production of the third generation comput-
ers begin?
a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s
ENJOY YOURSELF
I. Quiz-game "What do you know about computers?" (Who is the first to give the right answers to the questions below?)
What does "a computer-literate" person mean?
What is the role of computers in our society? v?. What is electronics?
Where are electronic devices used?
What jnvention contributed to the appearance of electronics?
When and where was the transistor invented?
What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube?
When was the integrated circuit discovered?
69 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit?
What is microelectronics?
What techniques does microelectronics use?
What scales of integration are known to you?
What do you understand by microminiaturization?
What was the very first calculating device?
15.Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 16.. Who invented the first calculating machine?
How was the first calculating machine called?
What was the first means of coding data?
What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers?
20- In what fields were the first computers used? 2JU When was the first analog computer build? 22^ What was the name of the first digital computer? f3T)Who built the first digital computer? 24Г What is ENIAC? Decode it.
Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code?
What does binary code mean?
What were computers of the first generation based on?
What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers?
What was the essence of the third computer generation?
30. What is the basis of the fourth computer generation? 5T) What is a computer?
"32. What are the main junciiom-of the computers?
What is a program?
What are data?
What is data processing?
$f& Name four advantages of computer data processing.
What is capacity storage?
What is hardware?
What is software?
Who designs computers?
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 70
II. Lexical games
Fill in the squares with nouns upon the models
71 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
Crossword 1.
Horizontally
1. A more favourable position; gain or benefit. 2. The fol lowing one thing after another. 3. Examination, experiment or trial. ^. The process opposite to multiplication. 5. The heart, the central part of anything. 6. The science dealing with micro- circuits. 7. Thickness, compactness; example: packing .
8. Application. 9. The doing smth; state of being in motion. 10. To put in writing, to print for future use. 11. Goal, purpose. 12. Memory. 13. Advantage, help; anything contributing to an improvement in condition. 14. Intelligence, mental ability. 15. Method or manner of doing something. 16. Display. 17. A tiny crystall, containing an integrated circuit.
Vertically
1. Information. 2. Help. 3. Reply, answer or reaction. 4. A group of elements. 5. A unit keeping information. 6. Approach; means of approaching, getting. 7. A style or design; imitation of an existing object. 8. Different form of some thing; condition or quality. 9. A mistake.10. A switch. 11. A fitting together of parts to make a whole. 12. Rate. 13. A model; cliche; standard. 14. A system of symbols used for entering data into the computer. 15. A branch of systematized knowledge of nature. 16. An attempt; a hard try. 17. A device. 18. An example, a sample, a model.
Unit 6
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER
1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
operation [apa'reifn] — операция; работа; действие; срабатывание
to relate [n'leit] — связывать; устанавливать отношения a broad view ['bro:d 'vju:] — широкий взгляд, обзор
unit I'jumit] — устройство; модуль, блок; узел; элемент; ячейка
input — ввод; устройство ввода; вводить; подавать на вход
to insert [m'sa:t] — вставлять; вносить; включать storage memory — память; запоминающее устройство available [a'veibbl] — доступный; имеющийся в наличии at the appropriate time — в нужное время
arithmetic-logical unit — арифметико-логическое устройство
output — вывод; устройство вывода; выводить; подавать на выход
to remove [n'mu:v] — удалять; устранять; вынимать; исключать
control unit — блок управления
cause ['ko:z]— заставлять; вынуждать; быть причиной; причина; основание
to feed (fed, fed) — подавать; питать; вводить (данные)
to interpret [m'tapnt] — интерпретировать; истолковывать
to issue commands ['isju: ka'marndz] — выдавать команды pulse — no-pulse — (есть) импульс — холостой импульс
73 Unit 6. Functional Organization of the Computer
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