ср 3 курс Строительство (1). Методические рекомендации к организации самостоятельной работе по иностранному языку для студентов 3 курса специальности Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружении
 Скачать 111.87 Kb.
| Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |
WoodWood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost. Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of the cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness. Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays. Wood products. Wood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together. Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than boards. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling and splitting in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined. Timber. Timber is wood, suitable for building and structural purposes. Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and workability of the material and, of course, its durability. What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. There are over 4000 woods in common use throughout the world. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds of woodwork. The best and most commonly used softwoods popular for structural work in many countries are redwood, whitewood, pine, red cedar, sequoia, beech and some others. As to the hardwoods, the best known ones include beech, birch, blackwood, chestnut, elm, mahogany, maple, myrtle, oak, rosewood, walnut and some others. 2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания: corrosion-resistance; fire-resistant; organic material; laminated wood; decrease strength; plywood panels; well-known fact; floor frames; high workability; veneering in furniture. 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: строительный материал; химические вещества; методы использования; легкий вес; природный ресурс; преимущества дерева; строительные цели; устранение воды; процесс установки; декоративные цели. 4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык: highly; install; construct; wood; use; nature; hard; fresh; advantage; decorate. 5. Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему, б) к второстепенному члену предложения). 6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: числительные, времена групп Continuous и Perfect активного и пассивного залога; согласование времен; функции глаголов tobe, tohave; усилительные конструкции; неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные: 1. Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. 2. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. 3. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood. 4. Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. 5. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. 7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту: 1. What are advantages of wood? 2. What are disadvantages of wood? 3. What elements are plywood panels made up of? 4. What is timber produced from? 5. Why is removal of water from timber useful for construction purposes? 6. What are the two main types of timber? 7. How much of the world’s land surface is considered to be covered with forests? 8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения) 9. Составьте словообразовательный анализ текста 10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст Самостоятельная работа №6 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |