упражнения к методичке по переводу. Упражнения к главе 1 Работа со словарем

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ГЛАВЕ 1

1. 
   Работа со словарем
   

Работа со словарем является неотъемлемой частью перевода. Чтобы быстро находить нужное слово в словаре необходимо:

• 
  твердо знать алфавит;
  
• 
  знать порядок размещения слов на одну букву в словаре по принципу последовательности вплоть до последних букв слова;
  
• 
  знать построение словаря: условные обозначения, расположение справочного материала, группировку слов в семантическое (смысловое) гнездо, исходные формы слов.
  

Слово в словаре всегда помещается в исходной форме:

Существительное – в единственном числе, прилагательное – в положительной степени, глагол – в трех формах.

Рассмотрим словарную статью:

Back [ ] n 1.спина; 2. спинка; 3. обратная сторона, задняя сторона; to

1. 
   Слова, совпадающие по форме с русскими, но расходящиеся с ними по значению. Например:
   

2. 
   Слова, совпадающие в одном-двух значениях, но расходящиеся в остальных.
   

• 
  простые accounting (бухгалтерский учет), proxy (доверенность);
  
• 
  сложные wholesaling (оптовая торговля);
  
• 
  термины-словосочетания net profit (чистая прибыль).
  

1. 
   буквенные – отчетный период, налог на доходы
   
2. 
   слоговые – начальное сальдо
   
3. 
   усеченные – кредит, отдел
   
4. 
   смешанные -
   

1. 
   Don't forget to close the door. 2. The train came close to the station. 3. We studied the plans with close attention. 4. They left the car and entered the station. 5. He held the nail in his left hand and the hammer in his right hand. 6. He always has his leave in summer. 7. He leaves home at 9. 8. The leaves are red and yellow in summer. 9. There are many stories, novels and articles which describe the heroic exploits of our men and women in Great Patriotic War. 10. The people began to exploit the coal-mine in this region only in the last century. 11. A cable crane got out of order at the construction site of the hydroelectric plant. 12. The teacher told the pupils to learn the fable “A Fox and a Crane” by heart. 13. There are several swing-bridges over the Neva. 14. The wind is blowing, the lantern is swinging in the boy's hand. 15. Steel is a very hard alloy of iron and carbon. 16. They bathed every day from early spring till late autumn in order to steel themselves against cold.
   

1. 
   Передача артикля
   

1. 
   в классифицирующей функции и переводится словами такой, такого рода.
   
2. 
   перед именами собственными и географическими названиями, указывая на обладание характерными чертами названного района или лица; на русский язык переводится подобный, типа, новый.
   

1. 
   Перед именем лица, когда конкретизируется совокупность черт, характеризующих лицо, и может быть передан на русский язык указательным местоимением или другими лексическими средствами.
   
2. 
   Перед названием страны, города, когда данная страна или город характеризуется не вообще, а в то или иное время их существования, или когда имеются в виду какие-то отдельные черты, присущие только данной стране или городу.
   

1. 
   Leon Lambert's grandfather married a Rotschild, and there have been financial and family links between the two banking clans ever since. 2. The use of mandatory aid and influence between European countries is a good example of how a Europe grouping for closer integration ought to work. 3. But the major political profit of the trip to China will be in the coverage the French press has given to the spectacle of a big bold French president bestriding the narrow world like a Collossus or at least like a de Gaulle. 4. Less visible than the physical change – but just as startling to a visitor who knew the Kuwait of old – is the change which oil money has brought to the life and customs of Kuwait. 5. In the Egypt of the Pharaos a woman was forbidden to bear further children if her firstborn son bled to death from a minor wound. 6. One is the America of Abraham Lincoln, the other is the America of Theodore Roosevelt and the modern superpatriots. 7. I was a little surprised. The Sinclair I had met when I came to work here ten years ago would have exploded.
   

2. 
   Причастие 1 (настоящего времени)
   

1. 
   Charles de Gaulle once quoted Solon, who, when asked what was the best constitution, replied: “ Tell me first for what people and for what epoch?” 2. The officials were left wondering whether their opponents were caught unprepared or whether it was all part of a longer game aimed at upstaging in a rival organization. 3. Asked what would happen to the waste fuel from the Osiris reactor, a French official said the answer said the answer fell within “the bounds of confidentiality” . 4. Five more foreign tanks were put out of action, bringing to 20 the number of enemy armour destroyed in a week. 5. There was the case of that much discussed diplomat referred to as Royal Highness (but never officially identified) whose luggage was opened in the Netherlands and found to contain arms and letter-bombs. 6. Failing good will on the part of both sides, the present deadlock may be followed by a new outbreak of hostilities. 7. Another dispatch quoted a division commander as declaring that the incident involving five recalcitrant soldiers “”was very small” . 8. The possibility of an early settlement in that country, preceded by a cease-fire agreement, must not be ruled out. 9. A runway inflation in the U.S., possibly followed by a severe business slump, would be a disaster for America. 10. People wonder whether measures being used by the government to combat inflation will in fact work. 11. More important than defeat or victory, however, was the extend to which the debate, being on matters of substance, suggested the possibilities of a final solution. 12. The Prime Minister's claim yesterday that his government had the “total will and determination” to grapple with inflation was a fraud, like the rest of the brain wasting propaganda being churned out to promote the new wage curbs.
   

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола в соответствующем лице, числе и времени и смыслового глагола.

1. 
   отсутствием в английском языке падежей;
   

2. 
   тем, что в русском языке в страдательном залоге употребляются только переходные глаголы.
   

1. 
   соответствующей конструкцией в страдательном залоге.
   

2. 
   глаголом со страдательным значением с окончанием ся (-сь).
   

3. 
   неопределенно-личным оборотом.
   

1. 
   In Britain not long ago the public was shocked to learn that three Scotland Yard detectives had explored a few hundred pounds from a suspected criminal. 2. It has been estimated that no fewer than 750,000
   

2. 
   Charles Darwin is known to have called man “the wonder and the glory of the universe”. 3. All kinds of coal appear to be derived from vegetable substances, and their differences are due to the varying conditions under which they were formed or to the geological changes which they undergo. 4. Some varieties of anthracite coal appear to approach graphite in their characteristics, and are burned with difficulty unless mixed with other coal