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103 Unit & Central Processing Unit c  omparer [кэт'реэгэ] — компаратор; устройство сравненияcontent ['kontsnt]— содержимое; смысл; объем; количество involve [in'volv] — включать; содержать; заключать (в себе) core ['ka] — суть; основная часть; ядро; оперативная память add feed] — складывать; суммировать; прибавлять; присоединять added — добавочный; дополнительный adder — сумматор; блок суммирования at least — по крайней мере 8. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких компонентах центрального процессора и их назначении вы узнали. Переведите текст. Text 2. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them. The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruction. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit. The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid. The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary stor-  Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 104 a ge into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.The arithmetic-logical unit (AL U) executes the processing operations called for by the instructions brought from main memory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit. Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than". So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called registers. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the results temporarily until they can be tranferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high- 105 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit s  peed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What are the functional units of CPU? 2. What is the function of CU? 3. How does CU operate? 4. What is the function of a counter? 5. What role does a decoder play? 6. What is the sequence of CU operations? 7. What is the function of the arithmetic-logical unit? 8. What operations are performed by ALU? 9. What primary components does ALU consist of? 10. What is the function of an accumulator / comparer? 10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; арифметико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный регистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; адресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деление; принимать решения; результаты сравнения. П. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами. Register, address register; base register; clock register; command / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hardware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register. Counter binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter. Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu selection; security selection. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 106 M anagement: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource management; task management; window management.12. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению следующим: Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange. Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation. Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real. 13. Сравните и проанализируйте предложения, содержа щие зависимый и независимый причастные обороты. Переведите их.
3 Instructions being obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operations. Instructions are obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the operations. Having obtained the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations. Obtaining the instructions the control unit causes other units to perform the operations. 4. The elements having unknown properties cannot be used for experiments. The elements have unknown properties, exper- 107 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit iments with these elements being impossible. Having unknown properties the elements cannot be used for experiments. The elements having unknown'properties, experiments with them are impossible. 5. When moving in a material charged particles (заряженные частицы) produce magnetic properties (свойства) of this material. Charged particles moving in a material produce magnetic properties. Charged particles moving in a material, magnetic properties of this material are produced. Charged particles move in a material, magnetic properties of the material being produced. 14. Прочтите внимательно текст и составьте к нему план в назывной форме. Прочтите текст еще раз, разверните пункты плана и составьте реферат на английском языке, озаглавьте текст. *•* cjK It is known that one of the fundamental parts of the computer is a control unit. This unit controls the computation process automatically, without man's participation. It sends signals to all other parts of the computer to specify what they must do. First of all, the control unit tells the main memory what data must be transferred to the arithmetic-logical unit and other devices. Then it enables the arithmetic-logical unit to perform the required operation. Finally, it places the obtained results in the main memory. It is important to note that the control unit operation is determined by an algorithm of a problem solution. The algorithm is a sequence of arithmetic and logical operations. These operations must be performed on the initial data for solving the problem. Description of an algorithm in a form acceptable by a computer is called a program. A program is a list of sequential computer instructions enabling a computer to solve a problem. In order to be acceptable by the computer instructions must be encoded into a digital form. In conclusion it should be pointed out that the main feature of a computer is automatic control of the problem solution process. It is based on the programmed-control principle. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 108 1 5. Выполните письменный перевод текстов по вариантам. Озаглавьте тексты.* * # 1. In 1960's advances in microelectronic components led to the development of the minicomputer, followed more recently by an even smaller microcomputer. Both have filled a need for small but relatively flexible processing systems able to execute comparatively simple computing functions at lower costs. In 1971 Intel Corporation delivered the first microprocessor, the 4004. All the logic to implement the central processing unit of a tiny computer was put onto a single silicon chip less than 1/4 inch square. That design was soon followed by many others. The progress toward smaller computers is continuing, designers are working at nano-computers and pico-computers. When the central processing unit of a computer is implemented in a single, or very small number of integrated circuits, we call it a microprocessor. When a computer includes a microprocessor as its major component, such device is called a microcomputer. Today the hardware in data-processing machines is built out of microelectronic devices. Advances in microelectronic devices give rise to advances in data-processing machinery. 2. The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the information interchange and processing that constitute the nervous system of our society. The versatility and convenience of the microprocessor has changed the entire architecture of modern computer systems. No longer is the processing of information carried out only in the computer's central processing unit. Today there is a trend toward distributing more processing capability throughout a computer system, with various areas having small local processors for handling operations in those areas. There are a number of advantages of distributed processing. First, .since many elements of the computer can be working on different portions of the same task, the work may be done faster. Second, if one element in the network malfunctions, its workload can be shifted to another element or shared among several elements, so that the entire work is relatively immune 109 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit t o failure. Third, the network can be small enough to be contained within a single laboratory or building, or it can be spread out over a wide area.TESTS 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Programs and data to be processed must be in the memory. ,a) internal; b) external; c) secondary 2. The control unit instructions from the program. a) sends; b) changes; c) obtains 3. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the for transferring to main storage. a) decoder; b) counter; c) accumulator 4. The instruction to be in control unit is read out from primary storage into the storage register. a) calculated;Jb) executed; c) read out 5. The performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the . a) adder; b) accumulator; c) comparer 6. The read out command is passed from the regis ter to the register. a) instruction; b) address; c) storage 7. CPU is designed to and to basic instruc tions for the computer. /a) control; b) consist; c) carry ouU 8. CU and ALU consist of electronic circuits with millions of . a) sensors; b) servers; c) switches 2. Согласуйте слова левой колонки с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.
age;
system; Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 110
vals; 7. register ( > g) controls the flow between the primary stor- age and the arithmetic-logical unit 8. decoder/ h) keeps the instruction while it is being per- formed; ^9. comparer i) holds the results of processing operations; 10. adder .j) breaks the instructions into separate commands. 3. Выполните перевод следующего текста письменно по вариантам. MICROPROCESSOR - A BRAIN ТО THE HARDWARE 1. The microprocessor forms the heart of a microcomputer. The first microprocessors were developed in 1971 as a branch of pocket calculator development. Since then there has been a tremendous raise of work in this field and there appeared doz ens of different microprocessors. Microprocessors are used pri marily to replace or increase random logic design. As it is known computer actually refers to a computing system including hardware (processor, I/O circuits, power supplies, control panel, etc.) and software (instruction manual, user's manual, assembler and diagnostic and service routines). Processor refers to the processing circuits: control processing unit, memory, interrupt unit, clock and timing. Most processors also include computer software. Central processing unit — heart of the processor — consists of the register array, arithmetic and logical unit, control unit (including microROM), and bus control circuits. Microsoftware may also include microinstruction manual, microassembler, etc. 2. The very first microprocessors were fabricated using PMOS technology. "Holes" in the p-type material having a low mobility, those microprocessors were relatively slow devices. Later, improved technology permitted microprocessors to be constructed using n-type MOS and these microprocessors are almost as fast as normal minicomputers. Ш Unit 8. Central Processing Unit Some microprocessors are now made using CMOS. The speed and logic density of CMOS are inferior to n-type MOS but the process does have some significant advantages. First of all, it has a low power consumption, power being consumed only when a logic element changes a state. Secondly, it can operate over a wide voltage range. As a result, electronics based on CMOS can operate successfully with "noisy5* power supplies* The low consumption makes it quite possible to use a simple battery to maintain the security of supply for several weeks. This type of microprocessor has clear advantages over the other types. Notes MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) — структура металл-оксид-полупроводник, МОП-структура PMOS (p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor) — р-МОП-структура; CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) — комплементарная МОП-структура (КМОП)   Unit 9 INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS 1  . Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.environment [m'vaisramsnt] — среда; окружение; режим работы; external environment — внешняя среда human-related ['hju:msn n'leitid] — (взаимо)связанный с человеком human-independent — независимый от человека remote terminal [n'mout Чэ:ттэ1] — удаленный терминал reel of magnetic tape — бобина с магнитной лентой input-output interface — интерфейс (сопряжение, место стыковки) ввода-вывода scan ['sksen] — просматривать; сканировать; развертывать scanner ['sksena] — сканер; устройство оптического считывания bar-code scanner / bar-code reader — устройство считывания штрих-кода regardless of [n'gardbs sv] — несмотря на; независимо от to match characteristics ['mastfkasrskta'ristiks] — сопоставлять параметры similarly ['simibli] — подобным образом; также; аналогично to fall between — падать; попадать в интервал между card reader — устройство считывания платы (карты) line printer — построчный принтер; принтер печатания строки page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью optical character reader — оптическое считывающее устройство текста 113Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units optical mark reader — оптическое считывающее устройство знаков visual display ['vizjual dis'plei]— визуальный индикатор digitizer [did3i'taizs] — аналого-цифровой преобразователь; сканер keyboard input device — клавишное устройство ввода plotter ['рЫэ] — графопостроитель voice recognition and response unit — устройство распознавания голоса и реагирования 2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какие устройства относятся к сфере ввода-вывода информации. Text 1. INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment. The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 114 a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output. Input-Output Interfaces, Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs, all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors*(IOP). The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage. Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-speed devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those highspeed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between — they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed. High-speed devices: magnetic disk; magnetic tape. Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page printers; computer output microfilms; magnetic diskette; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays. US Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units Low-speed devices: bar-code readers; character printers; digitizers; keyboard input devices; plotters; voice recognition and response units. 3. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы. 1. What is the purpose of input and output devices? 2. What types of input-output devices do you know? 3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device? 4. Give an example of a human independent output. 5. What is an I/O interface? 6. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices? 7. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices? 8. What types of devices tend to be low- speed devices? 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Среда устройств ввода-вывода; система обработки информации; внешняя среда; связан с человеком; независим от человека; удаленный банковский терминал; измерять поток данных; бобина с магнитной лентой; хранить собранную информацию; двоичный формат; интерфейс ввода-вывода; вводить с клавиатуры; устройство считывания штрих-кода; не смотря на; преобразовать в двоичный код; сопоставлять параметры; подобным образом; интерфейс вывода; изменить процесс в обратном направлении; настроить устройство ввода-вывода к внешней среде; главное отличие; основная память; вторичная память; низкоскоростные устройства; в соответствии. 5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами. Environment: application environment; communication environment; execution environment; external environment; hardware environment; interface invironment; management environment; multimedia environment; network environment; processing environment; security environment; software environment; user environment. Interface: channel interface; common interface; data interface; database interface; display interface; external interface; flexible interface; floppy-disk interface; general-purpose interface; hardware interface; low-level interface.
S canner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand scanner; laser scanner; manual scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal; security terminal; logical terminal; text terminal. 6. Вспомните формы инфинитива, проанализируйте и пе реведите следующие предложения. Infinitive Active Passive Indefinite to ask to be asked Continuous to be asked Perfectto have askedto have been asked Perfect Continuous to have been asking 1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a breakthrough (прорыв) of the second part of the 20lh century. 4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU. 7. Computers to have been designed originaly for arithmetic pur poses are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The film to have been running for over a month this year attracts at tention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor. 10. Russia was the first country to start the cosmic era. 7. Прочтите внимательно текст, составьте аннотацию на английском языке, озаглавьте текст. Для составления аннотации используйте следующие клише: The text / article under review ...(gives us a sort of information about...) The article deals with the problem ... Ш Unit ft In put-Ouput Units The subject of the text is... At the beginning (of the text) the author describes... (dwells on ...; explains...; touches upon...; analyses...; comments ...; characterizes ...; underlines ...; reveals...; gives account of...) The article begins with the description of..,, a review of..., the analysis of... The article opens with ... Then (after that, further on, next) the author passes on to ..., gives a detailed (thorough) analysis (description), goes on to say that ... To finish with, the author describes ... At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that ...; the author sums it all up (by saying...) In conclusion the author...  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |