учебник АНГЛИЙСКИЙ. Одеський державний університет внутрішніх справ Кафедра іноземних мов Practical Course of English Одеса 2010
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Text B. I. New words and combination of words. the House of Commons - Палата общин the House of Lords - Палата лордів legislation - законодавство, закон, законопроект to pass law - прийняти закон in charge of - підпорядковувати, завідувати чим- н. to head - очолювати to advise - консультувати, радити to run - управляти (підприємством) civil servant – державний службовець permanent officials - постійна посадова особа British Commonwealth of Nations – Британська Співдружність Lords Temporal - світські лорди Lords Spiritual - вище духовенство the Archbishop of York – архієпископ Йоркський the Archbishop of Canterbury - архієпископ Кентерберійський the ultimate Сourt of Аppeal - вищий апеляційний суд to interpret the law - тлумачити закон the Supreme Court of Judicature - Верховний суд the High Court of Justice – “Високий суд”(суд першої інстанції по цивільним справам) Lord Chancellor – Лорд –канцлер (член кабінету міністрів у Великій Британії, спікер Палати лордів, Голова Верховного Суду ) arbitrary action – свавілля Value Added Tax - податок на додану вартість Finance Act – закон про державний бюджет ТНЕ CABINET OF GREAT BRITAIN HEAD OF ТНЕ CABINET ─ PRIME- MINISTER
II.Read and translate the text the text. The Political System of the United Kingdom Power in Great Britain is divided among three branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch. The United Kingdom is а unitary state and а democratic constitutional monarchy. Its system of government (often known as the Westminster system) has directly inspired the government of other countries, such as Canada, India, Australia, and Jamaica. The head of state and theoretical ultimate source of power in the UK is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II (a descendant of the Saxon king Egbert). Although the reigning monarch is the head of the executive body, an integral part of the legislature, the head of the judicial body, the commander- in- chief of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the head of the Established Church of England and the head of the British Commonwealth of Nations. In reality, the Queen has an essentially ceremonial role, restricted in exercise of power by convention and public opinion, though the monarch does exercise three essential rights: the right to be consulted, the right to advise and the right to warn. In practical terms, the political head of the UK is the Prime Minister, who must have the support of the House of Commons. In formal terms, the Crown in Parliament is sovereign. Parliament, the law- making body of the British people, consists of three elements: the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. They meet together only оn occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament, although the agreement of all three is normally required for legislation. Parliament in Britain has existed since 1265. Parliament meets at the Раlасе of Westminster. The House of Commons consists of 651 elected members called Members of Parliament or MPs. Its main purpose is to make laws bу passing Acts of Parliament, as well as to discuss current political issues. The executive branch is headed bу the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with a majority in the House of Commons. He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises and coordinates the work of the various ministers and departments in the House of Commons. He also makes recommendations to the Monarch on many important public appointments. The Prime Minister is advised by the Cabinet of about twenty other ministers. All major decisions of the Government are made by the Cabinet, and therefore it is the Cabinet, which forms Government policy. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials. Even if the Government changes after an election, the same civil servants are employed. Elections to the House of Commons are an important part of Britain's democratic system. The House of Lords consists of around 1,270 non- elected members: the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of York and Canterbury, together with twenty- four senior bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal consist of hereditary peers and peeresses who have inherited their titles: life peers who are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government for various services to the nation: and the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) who become life peers on their judicial appointments. The latter serve the House of Lords as the ultimate Court of Appeal. This Appeal Court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases. The main legislative function of the House of Lords is to examine and revise bills from the Commons. The Lords cannot normally prevent proposed legislation from becoming law if the Commons insists оn it. The judicial branch interprets the laws. Тhe highest judicial body is the Supreme Court of Judicature, which consists of two divisions: the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. The United Kingdom has no Ministry of Justice. Responsibility for the administration of the judicial system in England and Wales is divided between the courts themselves, the Lords Chancellor, and the Home Secretary. The Lords Chancellor is responsible for the composition of the courts, civil law, parts of criminal procedure and law reform in general; the Home Secretary is responsible for the prevention of criminal offences, trial and treatment of offenders and for the prison service. It is often said that English law is superior to the law of most other countries. The English judicial system contains many rules which protect the individual against arbitrary action by the police and the government. There are two mаіn types of court for criminal cases: Magistrates' Courts and Crown Courts for more serious offences. POLITICAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN  Lexica- grammatical exercises III. Pick out English equivalents of the following words and word combinations: - законодавчий орган - обмежити владу - успадкувати титул - нащадок короля - за заслуги перед державою - за порадою уряду - головувати - основна ціль - збройні сили - запропонований законопроект - ретельно розглянути і відкоригувати - правлячий монарх - захистити від свавільних дій IV. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.
V. Answer the question. 1. Who is the official head of the state of Great Britain? 2. What is the main function of Parliament? 4. Which are the two chambers of the British Parliament? 5. Who is the executive branch headed by? 6. Who are “ hereditary peers” and “life peers”? How are life peers created? 7. What is the procedure of forming the government? 8. What is the work of government? 9. What is the highest judicial body? VI. Translate into Ukrainian. 1. The English Royal Family have German origins, but they’ve been in England for five generations. 2. “God Save The King” was a patriotic song first publicly performed in London in 1745, which came to be referred to as the national anthem from the beginning of the 19- th century. 3. The Lords cannot normally prevent proposed legislation from becoming law if the Commons insists оn it. 4. The queen has always been subject to Value Added Tax and other indirect taxes and she has paid local rates (Council Tax) on a voluntary basis. 5. One of the main professional duties of civil servants is to shield their ministers from criticism in the House of Commons. 6. Each year the taxes are authorized by a Finance Act, which is based on the Budged presented by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in March. 7. Each government department is headed by two people: a political head that is usually the minister and administrative head from the Civil Service, called a Permanent Secretary. 8. The peers sit comfortably on their red leather benches as the MPs stand awkwardly huddled together below the bar while the Queen reads the throne speech, which outlines the Government's programme of legislation for the coming session. 9. The Speaker doesn't take part in the debates, and he doesn't vote at the end of them. 10. Members who wish to speak at any particular moment must stand up and “ try to catch the Speaker's eye”. 11. Elizabeth II, born April 21, 1926, is the eldest daughter of George VI and Elizabeth Bowes- Lyon . VII.Choose the right variant. 1. A candidate who gets less than 55 of the total votes ______its deposit. a) pointed b) offers c) dismissed d) loses 2. The former president _______the election to the opposing party. a)conceded b)acknowledged c) admitted d) allowed 3. Members of the House of Commons _______ an annual salary. a)sends b) receive c)call d) elect 4. The Conservatives ___ the general elections of 1979, 1983 and 1992 a) wins b) lost c) drawn d)won 5. When Black Rod arrives at the door of the House of Commons they _____it in his face to show their independence. a) open b) break c) knock d) bang 6. Members of the House of Lords are not______ a salary, but they do receive travel expenses. a) propose b) give c) chosen d) paid 7. Local government ______a local tax. a) spend b) vote c) ask d) collect. 8. Armed services of the UK are _____ of volunteers. a) take b) consist c) make d) made 9.The elector_____ just оne candidate оn the ballot paper and marks аn 'Х' bу the candidate's nаmе. a)see b) choose c) write d) selects 10.His father was _____ MP for Cambridge City a) voted b) stood c) worked d) elected VIII. Look at this text about politics in the UK. Fill in the missing words. Parliament in the UK consists of two…..: the house of Commons and the House of Lords. In the House of Commons there are 650…… , each representing one …… . The ruling Party in the Commons is the one which gains a……of seats. The main figure in that party is called the …… . The Commons is elected for a maximum period of 5 years although the Prime Minister may call a general…… at any time within that period. constituency chambers election Prime Minister majority MPs IX.Draw lines connecting the left and right. mayor top diplomat representing his/her country abroad ambassador had of a town or city council candidate someone for whom politics is a career politician someone who stands in an election vote to choose someone or something by voting elect to choose in formal way, by marking a ballot paper monarchy freedom from outside control; self- governing democracy system of government run by a dictator independence a state ruled by a king or queen dictatorship government of, by and for the people X.Translate and give the Present Perfect of the following verbs: inspire, pass, inherit, choose, change, introduce, examine, consider, return, amend, alter, make, refuse, inquire, approve, shelve, refer, sign, veto, prevent, insist, commit, do, improve, accept, show, hear, brake, pay, seek, sell, solve, shoot, spend, think, throw, lose, leave, take, sweep, write, stretch, steal, search, hit, wound, fine. XI.Read and translate the text, pay attention to the Present Perfect and explain the use of the verb “have”. The British constitution has involved over many centuries. Unlike the constitution of France and many Commonwealth countries, the British constitution has not been assembled at any time into a single, consolidated document. Instead it’s made up of common law, statute law and convention. Of all the democratic countries in the world, only Israel is comparable to Britain in having no single document codifying the way its political institutions function and setting out the basic rights and duties of its citizens. Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including the Magna Carta(1215) which Protects the rights of the community against the Crown: the Bill of the Rights (1689) which expended the powers of Parliament, making it impracticable for the Sovereign to ignore the wishes of the Government; and the Reform Ct Act (1832) which reform the system of parliamentary representation. The flexibility of the British constitution helps to explain why it has developed so fully over the years. However, since Britain joined the European Community in 1973, the rulings of the European Court of Justice have increasingly determined and codified sections of British law in those areas covered by the various treaties to which Britain is a party. In the process British constitutional and legal arrangements are beginning to resemble those of Europe. XII.In the following pairs of sentences only one is correct. Choose the correct one. a. I have lived in Odessa for five years. I live in Odessa for five years. b. Before that I have lived in Kharkov. Before that I lived in Kharkov. c. I am an investigator since I left university. I have been an investigator since I left university. d. He saw her five minutes ago. He’s seen her five minutes ago. e. She’s run round the park three times. She’s been running round the park three times. f. Has the chief signed your documents already? Did the chief sign your documents already? g. Police haven’t arrested criminals yet. Police didn’t arrest criminals yet. h. I have seen this stowaway a day before yesterday in the tram. I saw this stowaway a day before yesterday in the tram. i. My parents are furious because I have lost the car keys. My parents are furious because I lost the car keys. j. They have retired. They’ve bought a house on the south coast last year. They retired. They bought a house on the south coast last year. XIII. Use Present Perfect. Make up a dialogue. 1.- Have you ever been to London? (Birmingham, Manchester….) - … 2.- Who has accompanied you? - … 3. - Where have you stayed there? - … (at the hotel, hostel, friend’s house, aunt’s cottage, uncle’s flat) 4.- What have you done there? - …( to visit, to go sightseeing, historical places, museums, (Stonehenge (prehistoric monument- on Salisbury Plain in the country of Wiltshire), ”Big Ben”(famous clock - at the top of St. Stephen’s Tower of the House of Parliament), Speaker’s Corner in the north- east corner of Hide Park )). 5.- What have you bought there? - …(new books, pictures, a watch, some records, some clothes, golden jewelry, costume jewelry) 6.- Why haven’t you come back on Monday? - … ( to have much work, to be ill, to visit many friends, to do the shopping, not to book tickets, to oversleep). XIV.Put the verb in the correct tense. Pay attention to Present Perfect or Past Simple. Dear Paul My stay in England is coming to an end. In ten days’ time I’ll be back in Italy. I can hardly believe that I___(be) in Bristol for three months. The time ___(go) so quickly! Yesterday I ___(take) my final exams. As soon as I get the results, I’ll let you know. I’d really like to have holiday when the course finishes, but I have to go straight back to Italy. If I ___(have) more time, I’d visit Scotland. Unfortunately I____(not to see) much of Britain ─ I ___even ___(not to be) to London yet! I really like England. The people are friendly, the countryside’s lovely, and the food’s actually quite good. My friend Pablo, loves it here. He even says he wouldn’t mind living here. But for me the problem is the weather. I think I’d rather live somewhere warmer and drier. Recently it’s been really terrible ─ raining every day. My host family ___(be) really nice to me. The ___(look ) after me very well. I shell miss them. But I’m looking forward to seemy family again. My parents were planning to move to Rome. They might ___(move) already. I ___(not to hear) from them for a while. Yesterday I ___ (go) to the cinema with Pablo to see Aliens. It’s the fifth time Pablo ___ (see) it! He must really like it. Well, so do I, but I wouldn’t want to see it that many times. I ___ (apply) for lots of jobs recently. Yesterday I ___ (apply) for one with EU in Brussels. It would be great if I ___got it, but I ____(not to get) a very good chance. They want someone with fluent English and French, and my French isn’t very good any more. Anyway, I ___( not to book) my plane ticket yet, so I must go into town now and do that. See you next week. I’ll give you a ring when I arrive home. est wishes, Alberto XV. Complete the sentences with the verb from the box. Put them into the Present Perfect. 1. Here is the news. Lord Kempton, who was Prime Minister for 4 years in the 1960s, … . Lord Kempton was 79. Politicians from both the Labor and Conservative Parties … warmly of his achievements. 2. Gale- forsce winds are causing chaos in southern England. Many roads have been blocked by fallen trees and there … a number of serious motorway accidents involving lorries and coaches. The police … motorists to stay at home unless their journey is absolutely necessary. 3. Archaeologists … the tomb of a Pharaoh near Cairo. The tomb has been burned in the sand for over 4,000 years. 4. And some late news. We … just … that a plane … at Prague Airport. First reports say that over 50 people has been killed . We’ll bring you more news of this disaster as soon as we have it.
XVI.Put questions to the texts. Inquire into details. 1.The office manager has sent Julia to the bank with a lot of money, but it has closed. That is why she has just put money in the night- safe. A man has suddenly appeared. “ I want your money!’ he has just shouted. “But I put it in the night – safe!” Julia is saying. She is very frightened. 2. Thieves have broken into Arthur’s office. They have emptied his desk, thrown all his letters on the floor and have taken most of the money from the safe. They have also smashed the lamp on his desk. They are running away because they have just heard Arthur in the office outside. 3. One car has run into another. A policeman is taking one of the drivers to the police station because, just after the accident, the man got out and hit the other driver. Peter has just come round the corner. The policeman arrested the man a few seconds ago. XVII.Translate into English. 1. Я вже написав пояснення. Ставити підпис? 2.Не купуй йому книгу з правил дорожнього руху. Він вже склав свій екзамен із водіння і навіть отримав посвідчення водія. 3. Сьогодні цікава картина в кінотеатрі.Ходімо подивимось. – Ні, я вже її бачила. 4. Я сто років тебе не бачила. Де ти був? 5.Вибачте за моє запізнення.Я щойно зустрів свого двійника. 6. Вона ще не прийшла? - Ні, вона ще не закінчила свою роботу. 7. Він щойно приїхав із маленького містечка на півдні України. 8. Як довго ти тут? - Я тут від понеділка. Сьогодні п’ятниця. Я тут уже три дні. 9. Вони вже отримали пояснення відповідача? – Ні, він ще не прийшов. 10.Ти коли- небудь давав свідчення в суді? - Ні, я ніколи не був в якості свідка, не притягався до суду, і навіть ніколи не був присутнім на судовому процесі. Text C. I.New words and combination of words. federal government - федеральний уряд to contradict - суперечити, заперечувати, спростувати to separate - відділити, сортувати to restrict - обмежувати to supplant - вижити, витіснити, посісти чиє- н. місце (хитрістю) to review - переглядати (справу), оглядати (військовий стрій) to overrid - нехтувати, відхиляти, не приймати до уваги to overturn – спростувати, відкласти to reject - відкинути, відмовити to vest in - наділяти к.- н. ч.- н., покладати (обов”язки) to refer to - посилатися, вказувати (на к.- н.) to levy taxes - оподаткувати, стягнути податок to appropriate - привласнювати a resident - постійний житель to entertain - приймати (гостей), розважати an ambassador - посол inferior - нижній, нижчий(чин), підлеглий to ordain - визначати, посвячувати в духовний сан The US Government. Heard of the Government – President
II.Read and translate the text. The Political System of the United States of America The United States of America is a federal Union. The form of the federal government of the country is based on the Constitution adopted on September l7, 1787. The US Constitution is relatively brief document outlining the structure of the three departments of the federal government and relation to the states which form the Union. However, the Constitution provides a method of amendment, in fact, it has been 26 time amended since its adoption. A constitution in American political language means a set of rules, laws and regulations that provide the norms for conducting the work of the government. The federal government headed by the President deals with international problems and national matters. Every state has its own constitution and the state government, headed by the Governor, manages its local affairs. States' laws and decisions must not contradict the federal Constitution. The federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The idea of separating powers among the various elements of government was design to restrict governmental power and prevent its abuse. Where never possible, the Fonding Fathers built a system of “checks and balances” into the Constitution so that no one part of the government could supplant the other. Each branch checks or limits the power of the other branches. For ехаmрlе, although Congress makes laws, the president can veto them. Even if the president veto а law, Congress mау check the president bу overriding his veto with а two- thirds- vote. The Supreme Court can overturn laws passed bу Congress and signed bу the president. The selection of federal and Supreme Court judges is made bу the other two branches. The president appoints judges, but the Senate reviews his candidates and has the power to reject his choices. With this system of checks and balances, по branch of government has superior power. Article 1 of the Constitution begins as follows: "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives". "Upper" and "Lower" are commonly applied to the two branches of a bicameral legislature, the upper being the less numerous and higher in rank of the two. A member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator, and a member of the House as a Congressman. The function of the legislative branch of the government is to make the laws and to finance the operation of the government through levying taxes and appropriating money requested by the executive branch of the government. Article II of the US Constitution runs: "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." The executive branch, which includes the President, and the President's Cabinet, is responsible for administering and executing the laws. The President must be a natural- born citizen, at least thirty five years old, and for at least fourteen years a resident of the United States. The Constitution gives the president many important powers. As chief executive, the president appoints secretaries of the major departments that make uр the president's cabinet. Today there are 13 major departments in the executive branch: the Departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agricu1ture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, and Education. As chief executive, the president also appoints senior officials of the many agencies in the expansive bureaucracy. As head of state, the president represents the country abroad, entertains foreign leaders, аnd addresses the рublіс. As director of foreign роlісу, he appoints foreign ambassadors and makes treaties with other nations. The president also serves as commander- in- chief of the armed forces and as head of his political party. According to Article III of the Constitution" the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish". The US Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States. It includes the Chief Justice and eight associate justices. The Court's function is to interpret the Constitution, not to alter or modify it. The structure of American government is really a mosaic composed of thousands of interlocking units. In addition to the federal government, there are 50 state governments and the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder of smaller units that govern counties, cities, towns and villages. The federal government is, of course, the largest, but the governments of the 50 states and thousands of smaller units are no less important. The drafters of the Constitution created this multilayered system of government. They made the national structure supreme and assigned it certain specific functions, such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations; yet they wisely recognized the need for levels of government more directly in contact with the people, and so they left many other responsibilities in the hands of state and local jurisdictions. State and local governments are, however, forbidden from passing any law that denies or erodes the fundamental rights guaranteed to all U.S. citizens in the Constitution. Lexica- grammatical exercises III.Pick out English equivalents of the following words and word combinations: фінансувати діяльність уряду збірник законів займатися міжнародними проблемами зупинити зловживання політична рівновага перевірити та урівноважити подолати вето відхилити закон переглянути кандидатуру нести відповідальність за виконання законів представляти країну на міжнародному рівні IV. Discuss the following points. 1. What kind of state is the USA? 2. Is there a Constitution in the USA? 3.Who is the head of the state? 4.What branches does the US government consist of? 5.How many states is the country comprised of? 6. Іn what way is the political system of the USA different from that of Great Britain? 7. What аге the powers of Congress? 8. Does the President of the USA exercise the same power as the Ргіmе- Minister of Great Britain? 9. How does the system of checks and balances work? V. Agree or disagree with the following statements: 1.The USA Constitution establishes the basic structure of the national government. 2. Each state has its own Constitution which can contradict the Federal Constitution. 3. If the President disagrees with the bill he has the right to veto it and the Congress can't pass it. 4. If the President commits a crime the House of Representatives can impeach him/her. 5. The Supreme Court protects the right of people. VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the text: 1. The US government is divided into 3 branches: ….. 2. A Constitution is a ….. 3. The US Constitution was …. on September 17,1787. 4. …..of the Senate and the House of Representatives are the Vice- President and the Speaker respectively. 5. The Senate can ….the President …..if the House of Representatives impeach him. 6. The Supreme Court can ….any law if it ….the federal Constitution. 7. The Supreme Court is ….of the USA. 8. Every state has its own constitution and the state government which….. VII. It is interesting to know. Read and translate. 1. The great seal of the United States is affixed to certain official documents, specified by law, to attest to their authenticity. The design incorporates the national coat of arms, featuring the American bald eagle with spread wings . The olive branch and the arrows held in the eagle’s talons reflect both the nation’s commitment to peace and its willingness to fight if necessary. The Latin inscription E Pluribus Unum – “From Many, One”- is a reminder that the nation is a Union of many states and of peoples from many other nations. The design for the great seal was chosen in 1782, and the present modification dates from 1904.The great seal is kept in the U.S. Department of State. 2. The Flag Day: June 14, is the birthday of the American flag. On this date in 1777, the Continental Congress adopted a resolution stating that the flag of the new nation should contain thirteen horizontal stripes ( seven red ones and six white ones) to symbolize the thirteen colonies, and thirteen white stars arranged in a circle to symbolize the unity and equality of these colonies. In 1776, after the colonies had declared their independence from Great Britain, George Washington and two other revolutionary leaders were assigned the task of designing a national flag. The colours they chose were red for courage, white for liberty, and blue for loyalty. According to American legend, they brought their design to Betsy Ross, a young widow who was an excellent seamstress. She followed their sketch exactly, except for suggesting that the stars be five- pointed rather than six- pointed. Because she made the first American flag, Betsy Ross' name is still well- known to Americans. Her little home in Philadelphia has been preserved as a monument and tens of thousands of tourists visit it each year. The American flag has been redesigned many times since Betsy Ross made the original. Today, the flag still consists of thirteen horizontal stripes alternately red and white equal to the number of the original states with a blue union marked with white stars equal in number to 50 states today. The red stripes proclaim courage, the white stripes proclaim liberty, the field of blue stands for loyalty. It is called the stars and the stripes and old glory. 3. The nick name. It was in 1812 when the nickname of the US government "Uncle Sam" appeared. “Uncle” Samuel Wilson supplied beef to the American army, during the war of 1812, standing his barrеls with the letters “U. S.” Тhе army as “Uncle Sam's” knew this beef, and later оn this familiar name bесаmе associated with the US government. VIII. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.
IX. Match the parts of the sentences
X.Open the brackets, using Present Perfect or Past Indefinite. 1. The chairman spoke his mind after he ( to listen) to the views of all those present. 2. He (to tell) us a lot of interesting things about police work at yesterday’s meeting. 3. Today’s newspaper (to reveal) some fascinating information about the Prime Minister. 4. The situation (to reach) crisis point when the union (to call) for the strike. 5. The government’s economic policies (to lead) to more efficient management and greater productivity. 6. About 5,000 people (to take part) in yesterday’s anti- government demonstration. 7. Incoming and outgoing vessels pass near it – the figure of woman who just (to reach) her freedom. 8. The trickle of newcomers to Europe that (to begin) after World War II (to become) ones of the history’s great floods – Algerians moving to France; Turks to Germany; Iranians to Sweden; Pakistanis, Nigerians, Jamaicans to the United Kingdom; Indonesians to the Netherlands; Moroccans to Belgium. XI.Only one of these rules is true. Which one? A The Present Perfect is used for repeated actions; the Simple Past is used for actions that are not repeated. B The Present Perfect is used for longer periods of time; the Simple Past is used for shorter periods. C The Present Perfect is used when the time is not finished; the Simple Past is used when it is finished. B The Present Perfect is used when the time is finished; the Simple Past is used when it is not finished. XII.Finished or unfinished time? After I got home recently / lately ever since I had lunch this afternoon five years ago for the last two days for the last year always this month in 1945 up to now never today a day before yesterday when I was six XIII.Answer these questions, giving your reasons. 1. A man says “ I’ve lived in London for ten years. ”Is he living there when he says this? 2. Somebody says “ I’ve been married to Arnold for six years, and I was married to Bella for nine years.” Which one he or she still married to? 3. A woman says “ I worked for this company for eight years.” Does she still worked for the company? 4. You are in England . A friend says “How long are you here for? “Does the person want to know when your visit started, or when it will end? How would he or she express the other meaning? 5. He says “I spent three years in the army.” Is he still in the army? XIV.Translate the sentences into English. 1. Слідчий розкрив злочин по ухиленню від сплати податків та передав справу до суду місяць тому. 2. Правоохоронні органи зупинили зловживання посадовими особами в сфері трудового законодавства. 3. Сенатори відхилили законопроект про економічну допомогу країнам на території яких є ядерна зброя. 4. Минулого четверга суд не прийняв до уваги свідчення третьої сторони. 5. Компанія привласнила право на володіння земельною ділянкою незаконно. Unite 6 Text A. Law- making in Great Britain Text B. Law- making Process in the USA Grammar: 1. Present Perfect Continuous 2. Past Perfect Continuous Text А. I.New words and combination of words. to introduce a bill – винести на розгляд законопроект to amend – вносити поправки to consider- розглядати to alter- змінювати to examine in detail – ретельно розглядати to pass a bill- прийняти законопроект to curtail – скорочувати, обмежувати reigning monarch – правлячий монарх royal assent – королівська санкція purely- чистий, без домішок merely- майже consent- згода persistent- наполегливий popular- актуальний Statute Law – писаний закон II.Read and translate the text .  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |