галина. Учебное пособие по техническому переводу для студентов 3 курса
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 С этим файлом связано 40 файл(ов). Среди них: рекламация, ответ на рекламацию.doc, галина.doc, ср 2 курс.docx, ср 1к.docx, galina.doc, прилагательные для описания характера (примеры)...docx, emotions.docx, окружающая среда - слова.docx, choosing a career.docx, перевод английских заголовков.docx и ещё 30 файл(а). Показать все связанные файлыAFTER - TEXT EXERCISES
1. листовая обшивка
2. Translate the following word combinations.
3.Answer the following questions.
Вариант 4 FINISHING UP STEPS TO BUILDING A HOUSE At this point, the steps that remain are all "finishing steps" and are things you can see in your own home by opening doors and removing cover plates. The finishing steps include:
AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES
3. Answer the following questions.
GENERAL EXERCISES
Wall newspaper, a palace of culture, skyscraper, team leader, a recreation and reading room, working unit, efficiency proposal, White House.
Killed lime, cable line, to keep away from moisture, plastic window light, waterproof fabric, index of corrosion, fire – fighting equipment, material debris, water supply Chapter 3 Vocabulary angle-угол assemble-составлять attic space-аттическое пространство back hoe-экскаватор, канавокопатель с обратной лопатой basement (BSMT)-подвал, основание, фундамент beam-балка, брус brick (BRK)-кирпич brick facing-кирпичная облицовка ( накладка ) budget-бюджет building (bldg)-здание cantilevered section-консольный отдел; заделанный одним концом carpenting-ковровая олицовка channel-канал, канава cinder-block wall-блок из шлакобетона, шлакоблок compressibility - сжимаемость concrete-бетон conduit-трубопровод counter-счётчик, счёты; гибкий раскос фермы crane-кран crawl space-полупроходное техническое подполье (высотой до 1,5м), полупрох. канал crew-бригада dampness-сырость, влажность damp-влажность, сырость debris-строительный мусор, осколки, обломки drainage system-дренажная система drywall-стена с сухой поверхностью duct work-трубопроводная работа fascia –валик, сандрик floating slab-затирка поверхности плиты foam - пена framing-1.каскад, рама, сруб;2.обрамление проёма ( дверного ) gable-щипец, фронтон grading-земляные работы, планирование ( грунта ) gravel-гравий hail on-прибивать header-водосточная труба hole-яма, углубление installation-установка insulation-изоляция interface-поверхность раздела, взаимосвязь interlock-блокировка, запирание intricate-сложный joist-несущая балка (перекрытия, настила, пола, крыши ) lot-строительный участок mason (bricklayer)- каменщик pad-опорная плита peak-вершина perforated pipe-перфорированная труба plastic stripping-пластичное нанесение полос plumbing-водопроводно-канализационная и кровельная работа plywood (PLWD)-фанера porch-портик, веранда pressure – treated lumber - приводимый в действие давлением пиломатериал punch –пуансон, пробойник ridge –конек, ребро (крыши) rigid foam board-жесткий пенопласт rigidity-жесткость roofing-кровля, покрытие крыши septic system-условия переработки анаэробными бактериями septic tanks-перегниватель, септиктент sewer pipe-канализационная труба sheathing-листовая обшивка shingle-галька, булыжник siding-боковая обшивка, облицовка ( досками, листовым материалом ) sill-plate-лежень, опорная подкладка site preparation-осуществить инженерную подготовку территории slab-плита, панель soffit-потолок stack-стояк staple-скоба steel reinforcing bar-стальная арматура subconstractor-субподрядчик tape-рулетка tar paper-деготь, смола, гудрон termite-prone areaподверженная территория к термиту to bind-завязывать, заедать, затвердевать to cure-выдерживать, пропаривать ( бетонные блоки ) to dig-копать, рыть to dry in-высушивать to embed-покрывать. заделывать to extend-наполнять to freeze-замораживать to handle-транспортировать, подавать, управлять to hook up to sewer-установить канализационную трубу to insulate-изолировать to involve-включать to level-выравнивать, производить планировку ( грунта ) to pour-бетонировать to sandwich-помещать посередине to slope-устраивать откос to span-перекладывать (пролет ); натягивать (проволоку) to spread out the load-растягивать груз tremendous-огромный trench-котлован; борозда; траншея trim-обкладка, отделка truck-грузовик, тележка truss-ферма (сквозная, решетчатая, стропильная) underlayment-опорная поверхность, подстилка, стяжка vapour barrier-пар низкого давления; пары vent pipe –вентиляционная труба width-ширина Глава 4 История архитектуры. Вариант 1 GOTHIC CATHEDRALS. The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century. At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress. One of the earliest building in which these techniques were introduced was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. The proportions are not large, but the skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed and the subjective effect of the undulating chain windows around the perimeter have given the abbey its traditional claim to the title “first Gothic building”. In English architecture, this style is subdivided into Early English, Decorative and Perpendicular. The most influential building in Early English Gothic style was the choir of Canterbury cathedral. The building retains a passage at a clerestory level – an Anglo-Norman feature that remained standard in English architecture well into the 13th century. Attached colonettes became extremely popular with English architects, particularly because of the large supplies of purbeck marble, which gave any elevation a special coloristic character. This is obvious at Salisbury cathedral (begun 1220), but one of the richest examples of the effect is in the nave of Lincoln cathedral (begun 1225). English architects for a long time retained a liking for heavy surface decoration: thus, when Rayonnant tracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of collonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. The result which could be extraordinary dense – for instance, in the east choir (begun 1256) at Lincoln cathedral – has been called the English Decorative style (1280 – 1350). The architectural affects achieved were more inventive generally than those of contemporary continental building. English Gothic came to an end with the final flowering of the Perpendicular style (1350-1550). It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults. The first major surviving statement of Perpendicular style is probably the choir of Gloucester cathedral. Gothic was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe. It was also carried to Cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. They were used for secular building, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. By the Gothic survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building. It developed after the advent of the Renaissance and into the 17th century. It should be differed from the Gothic Revival (Neo- Gothic) in the 18th – the 19th centuries. AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES. 1.Answer the following questions:
2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian: The Middle Ages, the barbarian north, the ribbed vault, the skills and precision, to be subdivided, the most influential building, tracery designs, inventive, emphasis, to come to an end, secular building 3.Finish the sentences:
Вариант 2 THE RENAISSANCE. The Renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a residue of classical feeling of art. Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical building, particularly in Italy but also in France and Spain and the treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius. For classical antiquity and, therefore, for the Renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance. On the authority of Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective. The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measures expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic and encourages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building. In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. At the same time, Brunelleschi investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of classical architecture and ornament that he used as a foundation for Renaissance architecture. His brilliant work, the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419 –1451) was the first building in the Renaissance manner; a very graceful arcade was designed with composite columns, and windows with classical pediment were regularly spaced above each of the arches. In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th-16th cc) the cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475-1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian Renaissance decoration and construction methods Fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Palace (1487-1491) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architect. Its eastern façade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name. AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES. 1.Answer the following questions:
2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian: a system of traditional architectural units; the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order; the masculine simplicity of the Doric order; the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective; an immediate and full comprehension of the building; a very graceful arcade; windows with classical pediment were regularly spaced above each of the arches. 3.Finish the sentences:
Вариант 3 BAROQUE. Baroque and late Baroque, or Rococo, are terms applied to European art of the period from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century. “Baroque” was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl. During the Baroque period (1600-1750), architecture, painting and sculpture were integrated into decorative ensembles. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, and painting became illusionistic. Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources, luxurious materials and elaborate, contrasting surface textures. Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state. Baroque space, with directionality, movement, and positive molding, contrasted markedly with the static, stable, and defined space of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th. The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly Roman Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Poland, etc.) tended toward freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (England, Netherlands and the remainder of northern Europe) architecture was more restrained and developed a sober quiet monumentality impressive in its refinement. In the Protestant countries and France, which sought the spirit through the mind, architecture was more geometric formal and precise – an appeal to the intellect. Hardouin-Mansart’s Dome des Invalides, Paris (1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony ad balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture. AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES. 1.Answer the following questions:
2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian: unbalanced spaces; vivid colours; hidden light sources; luxurious materials; the harmony and balance of spaces; the static, stable and defined space. 3.Finish the sentences:
Вариант 4 ROCOCO. During the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lighted to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety. By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra, Pilgrimage Church , Steinhausen, near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Dominikus Zimmermann, Saint-Jacques, Luvenvilli, France, 1730, by Germain Boffrand). AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES. 1.Answer the following questions:
2.Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian: the robust architecture; an integration of the three arts; graceful and ethereal; to be replaced by pastel shades; violent surface relief; the bravado and dominance of the Baroque; continuous decorative schemes, Pilgrimage Church. 3.Finish the sentences:
GENERAL EXERCISES.
1. The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. 2.One of the earliest building in which these techniques were introduced was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. 3.In English architecture, this style is subdivided into Early English, Decorative and Perpendicular. 4.The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. 5.Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources. 6. A very graceful arcade was designed with composite columns, and windows with classical pediment were regularly spaced above each of the arches. 7.Its eastern façade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name. 8. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. 9.The building structure was lighted to render interiors graceful and ethereal.
1. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most countries of Europe from the early 12th century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century. 2. The skills and precision with which the vaulting is managed have given the abbey its traditional claim to the title “first Gothic building”. 3.It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and by elaborate fan vaults. 4.By the Gothic survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building. 5.During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. 6. In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th-16th cc). 7. The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475-1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. 8.Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. 9.In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall.
1.At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress. 2.When Rayonnant tracery designs were imported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of collonettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. 3. The result which could be extraordinary dense has been called the English Decorative style. 4.It was also carried to Cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the Crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. 5. They were used for secular building, as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. 6. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance. 7. The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Palace (1487-1491) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architect. 8. “Baroque” was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. 9. Hardouin-Mansart’s Dome des Invalides, Paris (1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in France.
1. It wasn’t easy for a company to build a cottage in a Gothic style. 2. This architect was a Solari. 3.They were taught by a Mr.White. 3. The Vitrivius who was the author of the treatise De architectura is considered the main authority of the Renaissance style. 4. The France of the Baroque period is very beautiful. 5. One is the Italy of the Renaissance, the other is the Italy of the Rococo, and there can be no misunderstanding.
1. The Renaissance can be divided into several periods. 2. You can see many Gothic cathedrals in France and Germany. 3. The house cannot be built without a foundation. 4. They will be able to visit the choir of Canterbury cathedral in a week. 5. The ancient architects could not possibly build the skyscrapers. 6. This building may be originated from the Baroque period. 7. Pope Julius II had to rebuild St Peter’s cathedral because it was in a very poor condition. 8. The Renaissance style can be illustrated by any examples. 9. The Architects who took part in projecting the arcade would be upset to learn that it collapsed. 10. the abbey of Sait Denis may be considered the first Gothic building. Chapter Five Vocabulary | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |