галина. Учебное пособие по техническому переводу для студентов 3 курса
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 С этим файлом связано 40 файл(ов). Среди них: рекламация, ответ на рекламацию.doc, галина.doc, ср 2 курс.docx, ср 1к.docx, galina.doc, прилагательные для описания характера (примеры)...docx, emotions.docx, окружающая среда - слова.docx, choosing a career.docx, перевод английских заголовков.docx и ещё 30 файл(а). Показать все связанные файлыAFTER - TEXT EXERCISES
1. To make buildings habitable a) the environment by the design of architectural forms and comfortable the architect… b) is an effective tool of environmental control 2. Trees, land formations, and c) room with a heat area other buildings create… d) must control the effects of the natural environment 3. Planning may control… e) light and sound penetrate into the interior 4. Extremes of heat and cold… f) a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy and 5. The choice of materials and ambulatory pigments… g) shade and reduce or intensify wind 6. A primitive house has a single… 7. A Roman Catholic cathedral may require…
Отразить атаку; пригодный для житья; расположение, положение; результаты воздействия солнца, ветра и дождя; создавать влажность и отражать солнце; важное ( эффективное ) средство контроля; выбор материалов для строительства; способность противостоять воздействиям окружающей среды; отопление, изоляция; кондиционирование воздуха; освещение, акустические методы; функциональное планирование; боковой неф; склеп, ризница, часовня; расходы; влиять на выбор материалов; зависеть от требований заказчика. Вариант 3ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillarswith stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an opportunity for the expression of proportion and pattern. This expression eventuallytook the form of the invention or evolution of the stone "orders" of architecture. These orders, or arrangementsof specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, definedthe pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks that formed the basic decorative shellof buildings. The Greeks invented the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The Romans added the Tuscan and the Composite. The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon. Roman Doric has a base and was less massive. The parts of Greek Doric — the simple, baseless columns, the spreadingcapitals, and triglyph-metope (alternatingvertically ridgedand plainblocks) frieze above the columns — constitute an aesthetic development in stone incorporating variants on themes used functionally in earlier wood and brick construction. Doric long remained the favourite order of the Greek mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout its history. The Ionic order evolvedlater, in eastern Greece. About 600 BC, in Asia Minor, the first intimationof the style appeared in stone columns with capitals elaboratelycarved in floral hoops — an Orientalizing pattern familiar mainly on smaller objects and furniture and enlarged for architecture. It developed throughout so called Aeolic capital with vertically springing volutes or spiral ornaments to the familiar Ionic capital, the volutes of which spread horizontally from the centre and curl downward. The order was al ways fussier and more ornate, less stereotyped than Doric. The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceedin size and decoration even the most ambitious of their Classical successors. Such were the temples of Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor and the successive temples of Hera on the island of Samos. The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century BC in Athens. It had Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Because of its advantageof facing equally in four directions it was more adaptable than Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the Corinthian order. The Romans widely used it for its showiness. The earliest known instance of the Corinthian order used on the exterior is the choragic monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 335/334 BC. A simplified version of the Roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice. The Composite order is also a late Roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek orders. перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |