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18. Посмотрите на схему 15 в Приложении Е и дайте описание пластичного сдвига. 19. Переведите текст. 3 “Welding” Сварка 3.1 Welding
Gas welding is normally used to join steel to steel. 1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения. 2. Переведите на русский язык встречающиеся в тексте интернациональные слова и определите части речи. Process, metal, metallic, contact, classify, energy, type, gas, chemical, reaction, section, form, electric, normally. 3. Расставьте следующие слова по алфавиту. Переведите их. Process, together, heating, contact, fusion, state, according, sours, energy, different, such, hammer, electric, gas, parts, rails, resistance, sport, mixture. 4. Классифицируйте следующие слова по способу образования. Welding, metallic, heating, electric, chemical reaction, resistance, workpiece, powerful, otherwise, mixture, combustible, normally. 5. Расшифруйте следующие сокращения, пользуясь словарем. AP, IT, beg. bal., Cr., Dept.; 4 CL. 6. Выпишите из текста все термины и классифицируйте их. 7. К какому типу относятся следующие словосочетания? Переведите и классифицируйте их. А process of joining; metallic parts the state of metals, process consisting of a chemical reaction; a combustible gas resistance welding process. 8. Объясните употребление артикля. Какое значение он имеет в каждом случае. А process of joining, the place of contact, to the source of energy, at the place of welding, from a power hammer, with oxygen. 9. Переведите следующие пассивные сказуемые. Are classified, are joined and fused, is used, are not melted, are melted, must be provided, must be mixed, is normally used. 10. Составьте со следующими словосочетаниями свои предложения. Тhe place of contact, different types, to the source of energy, welding process, gas welding, to join steel to steel. 11. Руководствуясь справочным материалом, разделите приведенные ниже слова следующим образом:1 колонка – причастия I, 2 колонка – причастие II. Reading, read, done, taught, seen, loving, showed, doing, being found, cleaned, asked, having been found, used, began, had, have repaired. 12. Выпишите из текста все причастия I и II. Переведите их на русский язык. 13. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний: 1. spot welding a. дуговая сварка 2. hammer welding b.горючий газ 3. work piece с. соединять 4. arc welding d. пламя 5. butt welding e. газовая сварка 6. to create f. плавиться 7. combustible gas g. электрическая контактная сварка 8. thermit welding h. создавать 9. to join i. сварка плавлением 10. gas welding j. кузнечная сварка 11. fusion welding k. точечная сварка 12. fusion state l. стыковая сварка 13. flame m. термитная сварка 14. electric resistance welding n. расплавленное состояние 14. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания: 1. Hammer welding is a process ... . a) consisting of a chemical reaction. 2. Thermit welding is a process .... b) when to metal parts are melted by an electric arc. c) when two metal parts are joined by force 3. Arc welding is a process ... . d) from a power of hammer. 4. In gas welding a combustible a) hydrogen gas must be mixed with ... . b) oxygen c) methane.
Вопросы
Ответы a. It is a process when two work pieces are melted by electric arc. b. A mixture of a combustible gas and oxygen. c. It is a process in which two heated metal parts are joined and fused together by force from a power hammer. d. It is a process consisting of a chemical reaction. e. It is a process of joining together metallic parts by heating the place of contact to the fusion state. f. According to the source of energy, the metals and the state of the metal at the place of welding. 16. Ответьте на вопросы и используйте их в качестве плана при пересказе.
18. Посмотрите на рис. 5, 6, 7 в Приложении Е и назовите пронумерованные части сварочной установки. 19. Переведите текст. 3.2 Arс Welding
a. Position to which the workpiece is to be welded. b. Type and thickness of metal used. c. Type of welding current. d. Class of work: deep penetration, surface quality, etc.
Electric, cable, transformer, electrode, type, position, metal, class.
Workpiece, flame, electric, trey, transformer, securely, to appear, holder, continuously, melt, thickness, penetration, quality, powerful.
Order, arc, powerful, otherwise, supply, earth, clamp, attach, use, flows, appear, should, be, class, type, deep, penetration, welding, current.
1) The boy hid among the branches. There will be a new railwaybranch here. The production of semiconductors is a new branch of industry. Physics is a branch of science. 2) When will you see our newflat? The flat surface of the body has painted green. 3) A right angle equals 90 (degrees). We have the right hand and left hand persons.
To melt, to create, to be, to carry, to supply, to use, to flow, to appear, to attach, to strike, to switch, to provide, to join, to fall, to move, to choose, to know.
Еlectric, cable, transformer, electrode, type, position, metal, class. 12. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний. 1) arc welding a. перегреваться 2) to melt b. держатель 3) flame c. зажим заземления 4) to overheat d. прикреплять надежно 5) electric circuit e. зажигать дугу 6) earth clamp f. электрод 7) to appear g. присадочный металл 8) to attach securely h. плавиться 9) to strike the arc i. глубокое проникновение 10) holder j. электрическая цепь 11) electrode rod k. направляться 12) filler metal l. дуговая сварка 13) deep penetration m. качество поверхности 14) surface quality n. появляться 15) to fall onto o. пламя 13. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончаний. 1. In arc welding the workpieces a) by a flame. are melted ... . b) by an electric arc. c) by gas. 2. In arc welding the arc is a) a combustible gas. created by ... . b) fusion. c) a powerful electric current. 3. If the earth clamp is not a) between the electrode and the earth clamp securely attached to the workpiece. b) between the transformer and the workpiece, an arc will appear ... . c) between the clamp and the workpiece. 4. The electrode must be moved a) either the electrode or the continuously, otherwise ... . workpiece will melt. b) neither the electrode nor the workpiece will melt. c) both the electrode and the workpiece will melt. 14. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы: Вопросы
Ответы
15. Составьте свои вопросы к тексту. Используйте их как план при пересказе. 16. Посмотрите на рис. 4, 7, 8 в Приложении Е и переведите термины на английский язык. Назовите пронумерованные части сварочной установки. 17. Переведите текст. 3.3 Laser and Plasma Welding
The laser’s high power intensity permits welds between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties.
1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
Рrocess, metal, mechanical, type, laser, practical, form, industry, physical, plasma, steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, structure, electronic, intensity.
1) non-detachable joining a. дуговая сварка 2) to replace b. соответственно 3) arc welding c. в частности 4) laser welding d. стык, соединение 5) application e. за исключением 6) to weld f. неразъёмное соединение 7) pulsed laser g. неодинаковые (разные) 8) joint h. сварить 9) correspondingly i. плазменная сварка 10) to permit j. заменять 11) dissimilar k. пульсирующий лазер 12) plasma arc welding l. применение 13) particularly m. позволять 14) with the exception n. лазерная сварка.
1.Welding is a process which provides ... .a) a detachable joining of two unlike metal pieces by heating them till melting condition. b) a detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition. c) a non-detachable joining of two like metal pieces by heating them till melting condition.
intensity permits welds... . same physical properties. b) between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties. c) between dissimilar metals of similar physical properties. 3. The process of plasma a) aluminum. arc welding is efficient b) combination of aluminum and nickel. for fusion welding... . c) stainless steel, titanium, nickel. 4. Plasma arc welding is a) repairing aluminum parts. particularly suited for... . b) repairing delicate parts. c) repairing massive and thick parts.
Вопросы 1. What king of joining does welding provide? 2. What type of welding can replace arc welding? 3. What is the advantage of laser welding? 4. What metals is plasma arc welding efficient for? 5. Where is the process of plasma arc welding used? Ответы a. Laser welding. b. A non-detachable joining. c. For fusion welding stainless steel, titanium and nickel. d.The laser’s high power intensity permits welds between dissimilar metals of widely varying physical properties. e. In repairing delicate parts, for joining thin structures and for welding electronic components.
enjoy-получать удовольствие от чего-либо finish - оканчивать dislike - не нравится go on - продолжать doing give up - отказаться от something can’t stand - не могу выносить don’t mind - не возражать be worth - стоить
begin start начинать like - нравиться hate - ненавидеть doing prefer - предпочитать to do love - любить top - прекратить
1) I like his method of teaching. 2) It’s no use talking to him. 3) He left without saying a word. 4) He was suspected of keeping something from us. 5) I hate being reminded of things. 6) I don’t remember having seen her here. 7) We insist on John’s making a report. 8) Do you mind our being present? 9) I’ve never heard of him behaving like that. 10) Do you mind my cousin joining us?
1) I remember leaving a message for him. I remember his leaving a message for me. 2) Mr. Blank apologized for having caused a trouble. Mr. Blank apologized for his children having caused a trouble. 3) We don’t mind cooperating with you. We don’t mind you cooperating with us. 10. Напишите вопросы согласно модели: Model: It’s useless to argue with him. What’s the use of arguing with him?
11. Выберите:
a. Процесс, воссоздающий данные; б. Процесс восстановления данных.
а. Мы были против изменения программы. б. Мы были против того, чтобы нам изменять программу.
а. Без восстановленных индивидуальных файлов; б. Без восстановления индивидуальных файлов.
а. Они возражали против того, чтобы мы сделали новую модификацию. б. Они возражали против создания новой модификации. 12. Найдите герундий в тексте, определите его функцию в предложении. 13. Составьте свои предложения по тексту с использованием герундия. 14. Найдите причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени, выпишите их из текста и переведите на русский язык. 15. Составьте план по тексту для пересказа. 16. Посмотрите на схемы 9 и 17 в Приложении Е и переведите приведенные термины на английский язык. 17. Переведите текст. 4 “Lathes” Станки 4.1 Metal-cutting Machines A lathe is known to be essentially a machine tool for producing and finishing surfaces of workpieces. The machine is designed to hold and revolve work around an axis of rotation so that it may be subjected to the action of a cutting tool moving in a horizontal plane through the axis of the work. When the cutting tool moves in a longitudinal direction or parallel to the axis, the operation is known as “turning”, when it moves in a transverse direction, it is known as “facing”. In addition to turning and boring, which the machine is primarily designed for, many other operations, such as drilling, threading, and by employing special adapters grinding and milling, may be performed on a lathe. Lathes used in shop practice are known to be of different designs and sizes. These lathes fall various types, either according to their characteristic constructional features, or according to the work for which they are designed. The size of a lathe is determined by the diameter and length of work that may be swung between centers. Lathes of comparatively small size, which may be mounted on a bench, are termed bench lathes, and are intended for small work of considerable accuracy; lathes provided with tools held in a revolvable turret are called “turret lathes” lathes in which workpieces to be treated are held in a chuck are known as “chucking lathes”; lathes in which most of operations are performed automatically are named “automatic lathes”. Besides there are also many special-purpose lathes such as crankshaft lathes and wheel lathes for turning crankshafts or engine driving wheels respectively; screw-cutting lathe used for metal-turning operations is fitted with a power-actuated carriage and cross-slide for clamping and holding the cutting tool. In engine lathes the cutting tools are generally guided by the machine tool itself, in other words, they are operated mechanically, while in some lathes the cutting tools are guided by hand. The engine lathe consists essentially of the following basic parts: the bed, the headstock, the tailstock, the feet mechanism, and the carriage. The bed is rigid casting with two longitudinal walls firmly connected by cross ribs integral with the casting. The bed serves as a base to support and align the rest of the machine. The upper surface of the bed is provided with parallel V-type and flat ways or guides for accurate aligning of the sliding parts of the lathe – the carriage and the tailstock. The headstock is located and firmly bolted to the left - hand side of the bed and carries a pair of bearing in which the spindle rotates. Many modern lathes have a motor built into the headstock with the spindle serving as the motor shaft. The spindle being one of the most important parts of a lathe, is a steel hollow shaft with a taper bore for the insertion of the live or running centre on which the piece to be turned is placed. The other end of the work is supported by the non-rotating dead or cup centre. The nose of the spindle is accurately threaded for chucks to be screwed on it. The chucks, in turn, hold and revolve workpieces together with the spindle. The head-stock also incorporates the change gearbox driven by a set of speed change levers. The change gearbox serves for running the lathe at different speeds require in turning and boring workpieces of various diameters. The tailstock located at the right-hand side of the bed, is a casting carrying a non-rotating sleeve, which together with the nut can be advanced screw operated by the hand wheel. The tailstock may be moved anywhere along the lathe bed and can be clamped in place at any point. On changing the position, the tailstock slide along the two inner bed ways one of which named flat way is of rectangular cross-section and the other one is of V-section. The tailstock sleeve mounts a hollow spindle with a standard tare bore for holding the lathe centers or tapered tool shanks. The dead centre fits in a Morse taped hole in the sleeve, thereby bringing the end of the tailstock screw against the rear of the centre and forcing it out. The tailstock spindle has a large area bearing in both the front and rear of the tailstock. To facilitate measurement of the spindle travel the tailstock spindle is graduated. The feed mechanism for both longitudinal and cross feeds of the engine lather is simple and easy to operate. It comprises a cone of gears, an intermediate shaft and a set of sliding shaft and carries a tumbler gear which is dropped into engagement with a gear on the cone corresponding to the thread or feed selected on the index plate above. Movement of the carriage and the cross-slide can be reversed either by reversing the feed mechanism with the reverse handle or by shifting the single lever located on the carriage apron.
Bench lathe, turret lathe, to bore, engine lathe, carriage, cross-slide, rigid, bed, change gearbox, to revolve, sleeve, to advance, handwheel, to retract, feed mechanism, feed shaft, to actuate, feed, apron, to swing.
1. What is a lathe? 2. What operations may be performed on a lathe? 3. What devices enable grinding and milling operations on a lathe? 4. With respect to what characteristic features are lathes classified? 5. What types of lathes are mentioned in the text? 6. What kind of work is the bench lathe intended for? 7. What are turret lathes? 8.Why are some lathes termed chucking lathes? 9. What are automatic lathes? 10. What lathes belong to special-purpose lathes? 11. What basic parts does the engine lathe consist of? 12. What is the function of the lathe bed? 13. What is the upper surface of the bed provided with? 14. What do the bed ways serve for? 15. Which side of the bed is the headstock bolted to? 16. What does the change gearbox serve for? 17. What is the tailstock and where is it located? 18. Which bed ways does the tailstock slide along?
Dead centre, alignment, regular, right feed, fasten, disalignment, irregular, left feed, easy, to prohibit, unfasten, live centre, difficult, to permit.
Например: It is known that the lathe is the most important machine tool used for machining surfaces of a workpiece. The lathe is known to bethe most important machining surfaces of a work piece. 1. It is known that the lathe is regularly furnished with a multiple disc clutch and brake incorporated in a driving pulley. 2. It is intended that the compound rest slide is actuated by a screw rotating in a nut fixed to the saddle. 3. It is known that the headstock and the tailstock are fastened at opposite ends of the lathe bed. 4. It was said that the independent chuck had been suitable for almost any type of work. 5. It seems that this new feed mechanism is simple and easy to operate. 6. It proved that the functions of the new lathe were fully automatic. 7. It was evident that the engine lathe has been widely used for metal-turning operations.
1. The lathe is a machine tool for machining surfaces of a round work piece. 2. The tailstock of a lathe rests on a saddle. 3. The lathes are generally furnished withbrakes. 4. To start the spindle one can use either the head or apron control. 5. The cross-slide is mounted on the carriage. 6. The tool holder is clamped by the tool post screw. 7. The feed mechanism comprises a cone of gears, an intermediateshaft and a set of sliding gears. 8. The change shifter slides on a splinted shaftand carries atumbler gear. 6. Переведите текст. 4.2 T h e H y d r a u l i c G r i n d e r 1. This universal grinder is designed for grinding cylindrical holes and faces of workpiece. It is widely used for lot production in various types of machine building plants. 2. Machines of this type are of very massive constructions, but they are designed in such a way that they can be operated as easily as machines of smaller sizes. 3. They are hydraulically operated and controlled by a single lever located at the front end of a machine including all movements of the wheel slide, cross-feed, starting and stopping the work of the spindle.
1. Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
1. grinder a. кронштейн
11. longitudinal direction k. шпиндель шлифовального круга
Universal, cylinder, type, mass, massive, construction, hydraulic, control, function, spindle, motor.
5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы: Вопросы 1. What operation is the universal grinder designed for?
Ответы a. By the hydraulic unit.
6. Закончите предложение, выбрав соответствующий вариант.
7. Переведите текст. 4.3 E n g i n e L a t h e 1. The engine lathe is the most commonly used machine-tool. It is used for great variety of metal operations, such as turning, drilling, screwing and many other. 2. The principal units of the lathe are the bed, the headstock, the tailstock and the carriage with the apron. 3. The bed is the base of any machine-tool and it is made of grey iron casting on which the saddle and the tailstock slide along special guideways. The headstock is also located and bolted on the bed.
5. The tailstock consists of a casting fitted to bed. The function of the tailstock is to support one end of the work turned between centres and to mount the tools. 6. The carriage of the lathe, which carries the tool, is made up of two principal parts: the saddle and the apron. The saddle travels along the guideways of the bed. The apron represents the front wall of the carriage. On the front of the apron are mounted the handles and levers by which the actions of the tool are controlled. 1. Прочтите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
1. engine lathe a. задняя бабка
Мetal, operation, principal, spindle, function, center, control, base, special, bolt.
5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы: Вопросы 1. What operations is the engine lathe used for?
Ответы a. To support one end of the work turned between centres.
7. Переведите текст. 4.4 V e r t i c a l T u r n i n g M i l l s 1. The single-column vertical turning mills are universal high-speed machines they are designed for roughing and finishing operations on parts made of steel, cast iron and nonferrous metals. 2. The machines are provided with two heads: vertical turret head and horizontal side head. Vertical turret head travels along the horizontal ways of the cross-rail. Horizontal side head moves along the vertical ways of the column.
4. High rigidity of machines and their units as well as the wide range of table speeds and work feeds allow machining at most favourable cutting speeds and work feeds. 5. Motion to the table is transmitted from the main drive electric motor by means of V-belt and gearbox. For starting and stopping the table rotation the gearbox is provided with multidisk friction clutch.
1. non-ferrous metal a. зубчатая передача
Universal, vertical, operation, metal, steel, horizontal, cylinder, machine, electric, motor, start.
5. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы: Вопросы 1. What are the single-column vertical turning mills designed for?
Ответы a. By means of V-belts and gearbox.
7. Посмотрите на рис. 19 в Приложении Е и назовите пронумерованные части станка. 8. Переведите текст. 5“Tools” Инструменты 5.1 M e c h a n i c a l T o o l s Both in maintenanceand in repair of machines all kinds of fitting operations are applied. An important role is played by disassembling and assembling operations. Special instruments are used for performing these operations. Among the variety mechanical tools used for disassembling and assembling machine parts and in their repairing are wrenches. According to their construction and wrenches may be of different types: single-ended anddouble-ended nut wrenches, adjustable wrenches, socket wrenches and special. A nut wrench is used for screwingand unscrewing nuts. It consists of a handle and a head with an opening known as the span. Adjustable wrenches may be used for unscrewing nuts and bolts of different dimensions. Socket wrenches are applied in cases when nuts or bolt heads located in recesses are сhardly accessible for a nut wrench. Special wrenches are used for unscrewing and screwing nets of a definite type. Wrenches are used by drivers for repairing cars, in locksmith’s shops and fitter’s shops. Fitters use them to screw different types of machine parts as: washers, bolts, shafts, etc. plumbers use them to repair pipes, taps, etc. Besides different types of wrenches there are round pliers or needle nose pliers which are widely used by locksmiths, electriciansand other specialists for gripping, screwing or cutting off thin metal and wires.
Nut, to screw, to maintain, to unscrew, to assemble, to disassemble, nut wrench, adjustable wrench, socket wrench, to grip, plumber, electrician, fitter.
1. What operations are applied in maintenance and repair of machines? 2. What instruments are used for disassembling and assembling machine parts? 3. How are adjustable wrenches subdivided? 4. What is a nut wrench used for? 5. When are wrenches applied? 6. In what cases are socket wrenches used? 7. What wrenches are used for screwing and unscrewing nuts? 8. By whom are different wrenches used? 9. What other mechanical tools can be used in repairing? 4. Найдите в тексте существительные, которые соответствуют нижеприведенным глаголам: To maintain, to operate, to construct, to fit, to assemble, to apply. 5. Подберите антонимы: Disassembling, to screw, difficult, single-ended, accessible. 6. Подберите синонимы: To locate, to grip, widely, different, dimensions. 7. Определите функцию всех слов с окончанием –ed и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Wrenches used to unscrew and screw nuts are known as adjustable wrenches. 2. Different wrenches are used to screw different types of machine parts, such as washers, bolts and shafts. Locksmiths and fitters use special instruments depending on the parts of machines to be disassembled and assembled. 4. Nut wrenches may be used for screwing different nuts. 5. Tools called “wrenches” are used for turning bolts and nuts. 6. Tools known as S-wrenches, angle wrenches, etc. are named so according to their shape. 7. The wrenches may also be named from the object on which they are used. 8. Adjustable wrenches are named so because they may be applied for screwing and unscrewing bolts and nuts of different sizes. 8. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык: 1.Обычно механические ключи, используемые при ремонте разнообразных деталей, изготовляются из прочной стали. 2. Кусачки могут применяться для операций, выполняемых слесарями. 3. Торцовый ключ может применяться для завинчивания гаек, расположенных в углублениях. 4. Слесарь часто пользуется инструментами, называемыми разводными ключами. 5. Среди многих инструментов, применяемых электриками, есть круглогубцы. 9. Переведите текст. 5.2 M e a s u r i n g T o o l s a n d D e v i c e s  перейти в каталог файлов | Образовательный портал Как узнать результаты егэ Стихи про летний лагерь 3агадки для детей |